Enemies, and yet loved: gifts, calling, and mercy (Romans 11:28–32)

Says "Regarding the gospel, they are enemies on your account; but regarding election, they are loved on account of the patriarchs" (11:28, BSB). "For God’s gifts and His call are irrevocable" (11:29, BSB): ἀμεταμέλητα (ametamelēta, "irrevocable"; lex.G278; note.language.Rom.11.25-Rom.11.36.mysterion-houtos-ametameleta).

Uncertain Whether 11:29 secures a future for ethnic Israel as a people or God's faithfulness to the elect within Israel follows the readings of 11:25–27 (note.exegetical.Rom.11.25-Rom.11.27.all-israel). No lean is taken here.

Says "Just as you who formerly disobeyed God have now received mercy through their disobedience" (11:30, BSB), "so they too have now disobeyed, in order that they too may now receive mercy through the mercy shown to you" (11:31, BSB). Tregelles and the Byzantine text omit the second νῦν (nyn, "now") before ἐλεηθῶσιν (see var.Rom.11.31.nyn).

Uncertain Whether the mercy of 11:31 is marked as present, and what that means for timing. No lean is taken here.

Says "For God has consigned everyone to disobedience so that He may have mercy on everyone" (11:32, BSB).

Implies This is not universalism: "everyone" is Jews and Gentiles alike, the two groups of 11:30–31, as in 3:22–23 (note.exegetical.Rom.3.21-Rom.3.26.righteousness-revealed; compare note.exegetical.Rom.5.18-Rom.5.21.one-act-of-righteousness), and mercy is received by faith (11:20, 23). Universalist readings, in which every person is finally saved, are named here by reference only.