κλητὸς ἀπόστολος ἀφωρισμένος: "called apostle, set apart"

Says κλητὸς ἀπόστολος (klētos apostolos) has no verb or article: "a called apostle," that is, an apostle by calling. A perfect passive participle follows, ἀφωρισμένος εἰς εὐαγγέλιον θεοῦ, "set apart for the gospel of God." In 1:5 Paul says he "received grace and apostleship" (χάριν καὶ ἀποστολήν) through Christ.

Implies The two passives make God the one who calls and sets apart, so Paul's office is not self-appointed. Compare Gal 1:1, 15, where God "set me apart" (ἀφορίσας) from birth. ἀπόστολος here is the technical title of one commissioned by the risen Christ, not merely "messenger." Abbott-Smith lists both senses.

Implies The same word, κλητός, describes the Roman believers in 1:6–7 (κλητοὶ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, κλητοῖς ἁγίοις). Calling is God's act both for the apostle and for those to whom he writes.

Uncertain Whether ἀφωρισμένος also puns on "Pharisee" (from Aramaic perish, "separated"). The idea is attractive but cannot be shown from the text, and the team does not build on it.