παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς ὁ θεός (three times)

Says The same words occur three times: παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς ὁ θεός, "God gave them over." - 1:24: to impurity in the desires of their hearts. - 1:26: εἰς πάθη ἀτιμίας, "to dishonorable passions." - 1:28: εἰς ἀδόκιμον νοῦν, "to an unapproved mind."

Each time the verdict answers an exchange or refusal: ἤλλαξαν (1:23), μετήλλαξαν (1:25), and οὐκ ἐδοκίμασαν (1:28).

Says παραδίδωμι means "hand over." It is used for delivering a person to judgment or to custody. Abbott-Smith lists it under "to give or hand over."

Implies The handing over is God's active judicial act, not mere permission. It is the present form of the wrath of 1:18. Yet the sin remains theirs: "in the desires of their hearts" (1:24). WCF 5.6 cites Rom 1:24, 26, 28 for God giving the wicked "over to their own lusts."

Implies The same verb describes the Father's giving up the Son (8:32) and Christ's being delivered for our trespasses (4:25). The judgment of 1:24–28 is answered in the cross.