Deut 32:1

exegeticalDeut 32:1–43

Introduction to Deuteronomy 32:1–43: the Song of Moses

• SaysThe text presents the Song as Moses' words, recited to all Israel (31:30; 32:44).
• SaysThe Song moves from the summons of heaven and earth and the Lord's faithfulness and care, through Israel's apostasy, the Lord's judgment, restraint and vengeance, to the vindication of his people and the call to rejoice (32:1–43).
• Says'Rock' names God through the Song and is used of the other gods in 32:31 and 32:37.

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exegeticalDeut 32:1–6

Heaven and earth summoned; the Lord the Rock, whose work is perfect (Deuteronomy 32:1–6)

• SaysThe Song summons heaven and earth, which Moses called as witnesses (32:1; 31:28; compare 4:26; 30:19).
• UncertainWhether the Song follows a covenant-lawsuit form (lean: it echoes one, since heaven and earth are summoned as hearers and 32:5–6 bring a charge) or is a teaching poem using legal language (alternative; 32:2 'my teaching').
• SaysThe Lord is the Rock, whose work is perfect and whose ways are just; his people have acted corruptly toward him (32:4–5; 31:29).
• SaysThe Hebrew of 32:5 is hard; the Greek and the Targum construe the same words differently, so no different Hebrew text is shown.
• UncertainWhether קָּנֶךָ (32:6) means 'created you' (lean; beside 'made' and 'established') or 'acquired you' (alternative; 32:9).
• UncertainWhether Phil 2:15 alludes to Deut 32:5; no lean.

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historicalDeut 32:1; Deut 31:19–30

Heaven and earth as witnesses (32:1; 31:28)

• SaysDeut 31:28 says Moses will call heaven and earth to witness against Israel, and 32:1 summons the heavens and the earth; Deut 4:26 and 30:19 use the same summons; 31:19, 21 and 26 make the Song and the Book of the Law witnesses; Isa 1:2, Mic 6:2 and Ps 50:4 summon heavens, earth or mountains where the Lord brings a charge (Mic 6:2 רִיב).
• UncertainWhether the Song follows a set covenant-lawsuit (riv) pattern or uses legal language within a song is open; no lean.

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languageDeut 32:1–6

Deut 32:1–6: the summons, the Rock, and "your Father"

• Says32:1 summons heaven and earth to listen: הַאֲזִינוּ הַשָּׁמַיִם … וְתִשְׁמַע הָאָרֶץ.
• SaysThe text presents the Song as Moses' (31:22, 30; 32:44 וַיָּבֹא מֹשֶׁה … וַיְדַבֵּר אֶת־כָּל־דִּבְרֵי הַשִּׁירָה־הַזֹּאת).
• UncertainWhether the Song follows a covenant-lawsuit form: lean yes (heaven and earth summoned; charge of 32:5–6); alternative, a teaching poem (32:2 "my teaching").
• Says32:4 opens with הַצּוּר "the Rock"; the title recurs in 32:15, 18, 30, 31 ("our Rock"), and is used of other gods in 32:31 ("their rock") and 32:37.
• Says32:5 שִׁחֵת לוֹ לֹא בָּנָיו מוּמָם is difficult Hebrew (literal: "he has acted corruptly to him; not his sons, their blemish"); the BSB smooths it.
• UncertainWhether קָּנֶךָ means "created" or "acquired": lean "created" (parallel עָשְׂךָ, וַיְכֹנְנֶךָ); alternative "acquired" (cf. 32:9).

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Deut 32:5

VariantDeut 32:5; Deut 32:43

Deut 32:43 minor variants and the 32:5 box line

• SaysMT "his servants" / LXX "his sons" / Onqelos "his righteous servants" in 32:43; BSB "children" follows the Greek.
• SaysThe LXX 32:43 has "he will repay those who hate," absent from MT 32:43; MT 32:41 has a similar first-person line; the BSB includes it.
• SaysIn 32:5 LXX and Onqelos follow the same Hebrew words as the MT, construed differently; no different Hebrew text is shown.

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Deut 32:7

exegeticalDeut 32:7–14

The days of old: the Lord's portion, Jacob found in the wilderness, and the Lord alone leading him (Deuteronomy 32:7–14)

• SaysThe Lord found Jacob in the wilderness and guarded him as the apple of his eye (32:10).
• SaysAs an eagle over its young, he spread his wings and carried them (32:11).
• UncertainWhether the whole of 32:11 keeps the eagle as subject (lean) or its second half speaks of the Lord himself (alternative; singular objects, 32:10, 12).
• SaysThe Lord alone led him, and no foreign god was with him (32:12); he fed and nourished him (32:13–14).

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languageDeut 32:7–9

Deut 32:7–9: the Most High apportions the nations; the Lord's portion

• Says32:8 the Most High apportioned the nations: בְּהַנְחֵל עֶלְיוֹן גּוֹיִם, and set the peoples' boundaries.
• SaysMT 32:8 ends לְמִסְפַּר בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל ("sons of Israel"); BSB prints "sons of God," a non-MT reading (treated in its own record).
• Says32:9 כִּי חֵלֶק יְהֹוָה עַמּוֹ יַעֲקֹב: the Lord's portion is his people, Jacob חֶבֶל נַחֲלָתוֹ; "inheritance" shares נחל with the verb of 32:8.
• UncertainWho the "sons" of 32:8 are and how Elyon relates to the Lord in 32:8–9: no team position; views will be given only from sources with checked locators.

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Deut 32:8

exegeticalDeut 32:8–9

The Most High, the nations, and the Lord's portion (Deuteronomy 32:8–9)

• SaysThe Most High gave the nations their inheritance and set the peoples' boundaries; the Lord's portion is his people, Jacob (32:8–9).
• SaysAt 32:8 the MT and Targum Onqelos read 'sons of Israel', 4QDeutʲ as reported in White Crawford, Sommer and Goldstein reads 'sons of God', and the LXX 'angels of God'.
• UncertainWho the sons of 32:8 are and how the Most High relates to the Lord; no lean. On the sons: heavenly beings of the council over the nations (set out by Heiser, BSac 2001, pp. 59–60; Job 1:6; Ps 82:1; Deut 4:19–20); the nations ordered with Israel in view on the MT (Keil, pp. 469–470; Gen 10:32; 11:9; Deut 7:6; 10:15; Exod 19:5; so also Driver, p. 355); the later Jewish seventy-nations reading (Driver, pp. 355–356; Ps.-Jonathan, Etheridge vol. 2 p. 662; Gen 10; Gen 46:27; compare Exod 1:5). On the Most High: the Lord himself (Driver, p. 355; Heiser, HIPHIL 2006, pp. 6–7: El-type names in 32:6–7, the lawsuit form, Deut 4:19–20); or a high god distinct from the Lord (set out and argued against by Heiser, HIPHIL 2006, p. 6: 'Most High' as the title of El presiding over the divine assembly, the two names in successive lines without a stated relation, and כִּי in 32:9 read as adversative; Heiser replies, p. 7, that it may be emphatic).
• SaysThe Lord alone led Israel, and there is no god besides him (32:12, 39).
• UncertainHow 32:12 and 32:39 relate to the 'gods' of 32:8 (on the reading printed), 32:17, 32:37 and 32:43; no lean.

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historicalDeut 32:8–9; Deut 32:43

The Most High, the nations, and the heavenly court (32:8–9, 43)

• SaysDeut 32:8–9 says the Most High gave the nations their inheritance and set the peoples’ boundaries, and that the Lord’s portion is his people Jacob; Job 1:6 and Ps 82:1 speak of heavenly beings before God; Deut 4:19–20 says the Lord apportioned the host of heaven to the nations and took Israel as his inheritance; Deut 32:12 and 32:39 confess that the Lord alone led Israel and that there is no god beside him.
• UncertainThe original reading of Deut 32:8 (MT “sons of Israel” or “sons of God”), the identity of the “sons,” and how the Most High relates to the Lord in 32:8–9 are open; no lean.

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languageDeut 32:8; Deut 32:9

Deut 32:8–9 in the LXX: κατὰ ἀριθμὸν ἀγγέλων θεοῦ

• SaysSwete's LXX of 32:8 ends κατὰ ἀριθμὸν ἀγγέλων θεοῦ, where the Hebrew has לְמִסְפַּר בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל; ὁ ὕψιστος renders עֶלְיוֹן.
• SaysLXX 32:9 μερὶς Κυρίου λαὸς αὐτοῦ Ἰακώβ agrees with the Hebrew; the Greek opens with καὶ ἐγενήθη for 'for' and adds Ἰσραήλ.
• ImpliesThe LXX does not support the MT 'sons of Israel' here; whether it reflects a different Hebrew text or interpretation, and which reading is printed, are left to var.Deut.32.8.sons-of-israel.
• SaysSwete prints ἀγγέλων θεοῦ; his apparatus, as logged, records no υἱῶν θεοῦ reading.
• SaysBrooke–McLean (p. 661): no Greek manuscript reads υἱῶν θεοῦ; the Armenian is the only 'sons of God' version; υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ is read by pᵇ (uncertain) and some Origen citations, and x and g add it; hexaplaric: z gives Aquila as υἱῶν θεοῦ, M and v as υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ.
• UncertainWho the angels or sons of God are, and how the Most High relates to the Lord; no team lean.

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Deut 32:10

languageDeut 32:10–14

Deut 32:10–14: the eagle and "the Lord alone"

• Says32:10 the Lord guarded Israel כְּאִישׁוֹן עֵינוֹ "as the apple of His eye."
• Says32:11 the eagle image כְּנֶשֶׁר יָעִיר קִנּוֹ עַל־גּוֹזָלָיו יְרַחֵף; יְרַחֵף is Piel imperfect.
• UncertainHow far the eagle image runs: lean, the eagle stays subject and pictures the Lord's care; alternative, the second half speaks of the Lord directly (subject of 32:12), since יִקָּחֵהוּ יִשָּׂאֵהוּ have singular objects while the young are plural.
• Says32:12 יְהוָה בָּדָד יַנְחֶנּוּ וְאֵין עִמּוֹ אֵל נֵכָר: the Lord alone led him, with no foreign god.

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Deut 32:15

exegeticalDeut 32:15–18

Jeshurun grew fat and abandoned the Rock (Deuteronomy 32:15–18)

• SaysJeshurun grew fat, abandoned the God who made him, and scorned the Rock (32:15); the LXX adds 'and Jacob ate and was filled'.
• SaysIsrael provoked the Lord with foreign gods and sacrificed to demons, not to God (32:16–17; compare Ps 106:37).
• SaysIsrael ignored the Rock who bore them and forgot the God who gave them birth (32:18).
• UncertainWhether 1 Cor 10:20 alludes to Deut 32:17 (lean: it does, by the pairing 'demons… not God' and 1 Cor 10:22; alternative: a common idiom, Ps 106:37).

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languageDeut 32:15–18

Deut 32:15–18: Jeshurun, the demons, and the Rock forgotten

• Says32:15 names Israel יְשֻׁרוּן and shifts to second person: שָׁמַנְתָּ עָבִיתָ כָּשִׂיתָ (three Qal perfects, 2ms).
• Says32:15 he וַיִּטֹּשׁ אֱלוֹהַ עָשָׂהוּ and scorned צוּר יְשֻׁעָתוֹ.
• Says32:17 יִזְבְּחוּ לַשֵּׁדִים לֹא אֱלֹהַ, אֱלֹהִים לֹא יְדָעוּם.
• Says32:18 צוּר יְלָדְךָ תֶּשִׁי; OSHB parses תֶּשִׁי as Qal imperfect 2ms; God מְחֹלְלֶךָ "who gave you birth."

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Deut 32:16

historicalDeut 32:16–17; Ps 106:37–38

Demons and new gods (32:17)

• SaysDeut 32:17 says Israel sacrificed to לַשֵּׁדִים (“to demons”), “not to God,” to gods they had not known and newly arrived; 32:16 and 32:21 speak of foreign gods and “that which is not God”; Ps 106:37–38 uses the same word and speaks of sacrifice to the idols of Canaan.
• UncertainWhether 1 Cor 10:20 alludes to Deut 32:17 is open and is handled with the Song’s New Testament uses.

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Deut 32:17

languageDeut 32:17

Deut 32:17 in the LXX: ἔθυσαν δαιμονίοις καὶ οὐ θεῷ

• SaysLXX 32:17 reads ἔθυσαν δαιμονίοις καὶ οὐ θεῷ, rendering לַשֵּׁדִים לֹא אֱלֹהַ; its last line has ἤδεισαν 'knew' for the Hebrew 'feared them'.
• SaysPs 106:37 also uses שֵׁדִים of sacrifice to demons.
• Uncertain1 Cor 10:20 alludes to Deut 32:17: lean yes (demons / not God; Israel's idolatry; jealousy in 10:22); alternative, a common idiom (Ps 106:37).

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Deut 32:19

exegeticalDeut 32:19–25

I will hide my face: jealousy answered with jealousy, and the judgments sent (Deuteronomy 32:19–25)

• SaysThe Lord hides his face and answers Israel's provoking him with a 'no-god' by making them jealous with a 'no-people' (32:20–21).
• UncertainWho the 'no-people' are (lean: a foreign nation used in judgment, 'a nation without understanding', 32:22–25; alternative: the nations as such).
• SaysRom 10:19 quotes Deut 32:21b in the LXX form ('not a nation'), with 'I' for 'and I' and 'you' for 'them'.

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languageDeut 32:19–25

Deut 32:19–25: the hidden face and the "no-people"

• Says32:20 אַסְתִּירָה פָנַי מֵהֶם: the Lord will hide his face.
• Says32:21 measure for measure: קִנְאוּנִי בְלֹא־אֵל … וַאֲנִי אַקְנִיאֵם בְּלֹא־עָם, both forms of the jealousy verb of 32:16.
• UncertainWho the "no-people" are: lean, a foreign nation used in judgment (בְּגוֹי נָבָל; 32:22–25); alternative, the nations as such (neither line names a particular people).

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Deut 32:21

cross-referenceDeut 32:21; Rom 10:19

Rom 10:19 and Deut 32:21: the form of the quotation

• SaysRom 10:19 quotes Deut 32:21b.
• SaysIt matches the LXX except Ἐγώ for κἀγώ and ὑμᾶς for αὐτούς (twice).
• SaysThe Hebrew also has 'and I' and 'them'; 'not a nation' for 'not a people' is the LXX's wording.
• ImpliesThe second person turns the words into an address to Israel.

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languageDeut 32:21

Deut 32:21 in the LXX: παραζηλώσω … ἐπ’ οὐκ ἔθνει

• SaysLXX 32:21 reads κἀγὼ παραζηλώσω αὐτοὺς ἐπ’ οὐκ ἔθνει, ἐπ’ ἔθνει ἀσυνέτῳ παροργιῶ αὐτούς (A παρώργισαν for παρώξυναν).
• SaysThe Greek keeps the Hebrew's measure for measure (jealousy verbs; not-god against not-nation).
• Saysἔθνος renders עָם and ἀσυνέτῳ renders נָבָל.

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Deut 32:26

exegeticalDeut 32:26–35

Lest the enemy misunderstand: the Lord's restraint and "Vengeance is Mine" (Deuteronomy 32:26–35)

• SaysThe Lord restrained his judgment lest the enemy claim the victory (32:26–27); their rock is not like our Rock (32:31); vengeance belongs to the Lord (32:35).
• UncertainWhether 32:28–29 speak of Israel or the enemy; no lean (the BSB's 'Israel' is an interpretive addition).
• SaysRom 12:19 and Heb 10:30 quote Deut 32:35 as 'Vengeance is mine; I will repay', agreeing with the Hebrew 'mine' and the LXX verb; Rom 12:19 adds 'says the Lord'.
• UncertainWhether the shared NT form is a Greek wording Paul shared (lean; Heb 10:30 has it) or Paul's own rendering (alternative).

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languageDeut 32:26–35

Deut 32:26–35: the enemy's boast, "their rock," and "Mine are vengeance and recompense"

• Says32:27 the enemy's boast יָדֵינוּ רָמָה וְלֹא יְהוָה פָּעַל כָּל־זֹאת.
• Says32:28 כִּי־גוֹי אֹבַד עֵצוֹת הֵמָּה does not name the nation; the BSB's "Israel" is an interpretive addition not in the Hebrew.
• UncertainWhether 32:28–29 speak of Israel or of the enemy (Israel called foolish in 32:6; the enemy subject of 32:27; "their rock" in 32:31); no lean.
• Says32:31 לֹא כְצוּרֵנוּ צוּרָם: their rock is not like our Rock.
• Says32:35 לִי נָקָם וְשִׁלֵּם: OSHB parses וְשִׁלֵּם as a noun ("recompense"); BSB and Onqelos (וַאֲנָא אֲשַׁלֵם) render it as a verb.

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Deut 32:35

cross-referenceDeut 32:35; Deut 32:36; Heb 10:30

Heb 10:30 and Deut 32:35–36: the form of the quotations

• SaysHeb 10:30 quotes Deut 32:35 (Ἐμοὶ ἐκδίκησις, ἐγὼ ἀνταποδώσω) and 32:36 (Κρινεῖ κύριος τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ).
• SaysThe first line matches Rom 12:19 without λέγει κύριος.
• SaysThe second matches the LXX and the Hebrew without the opening 'for'.
• ImpliesIn Hebrews' warning context κρινεῖ is read as 'will judge'.

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cross-referenceDeut 32:35; Rom 12:19

Rom 12:19 and Deut 32:35: the form of the quotation

• SaysRom 12:19 quotes Ἐμοὶ ἐκδίκησις, ἐγὼ ἀνταποδώσω, λέγει κύριος.
• Says'Vengeance is mine' matches the Hebrew לִי נָקָם; ἀνταποδώσω is the LXX's verb; λέγει κύριος is in neither text of 32:35.
• UncertainSource of the form: lean, a Greek wording Paul shared rather than coined (the same four words in Heb 10:30); alternative, Paul's own rendering, with Hebrews then dependent on Paul.

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languageDeut 32:35; Deut 32:36

Deut 32:35–36 in the LXX: ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐκδικήσεως ἀνταποδώσω … κρινεῖ Κύριος

• SaysLXX 32:35 reads ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐκδικήσεως ἀνταποδώσω where the Hebrew has לִי נָקָם וְשִׁלֵּם.
• SaysThe Greek has 'in the day of vengeance' for 'mine' and the verb 'I will repay' for the noun 'recompense'.
• UncertainWhether the LXX of 32:35 reflects a different Hebrew text or an interpretive rendering; no lean.
• SaysLXX 32:36 ὅτι κρινεῖ Κύριος τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ … παρακληθήσεται follows כִּי־יָדִין יְהוָה עַמּוֹ … יִתְנֶחָם word for word.

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Deut 32:36

exegeticalDeut 32:36–43

I am He: the Lord vindicates his people, and the nations are called to rejoice (Deuteronomy 32:36–43)

• SaysThe Lord will vindicate his people and have compassion on his servants when their strength is gone (32:36).
• UncertainWhether יָדִין (32:36) means 'vindicate' (lean; compassion in the parallel line) or 'judge' (alternative; 32:37–43); Heb 10:30 quotes the line, read as 'will judge'.
• SaysThe Lord asks where their gods are; he alone is God, who brings death and gives life, wounds and heals (32:37–39).
• UncertainWhether 32:39 'I bring death and I give life' points to resurrection (lean: its plain sense is God's power over life and death and his restoring of his people; alternative: raising the dead).
• SaysThe Lord swears by himself and will repay those who hate him (32:40–41).
• SaysThe MT of 32:43 has four lines and the LXX eight; the BSB follows a longer text.
• UncertainWhether וְכִפֶּר (32:43) means 'cleanse' (lean; the land after the blood is avenged) or 'make atonement for' (alternative; Targum).
• SaysRom 15:10 quotes the third LXX line of 32:43 word for word; the Hebrew has no 'with'.
• UncertainWhether Heb 1:6 quotes the Song in a Greek form like F's or the Odes (lean; 'and', third person) or Ps 96:7 (alternative).

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languageDeut 32:36–39

Deut 32:36–39: "Where are their gods?" and "I am He"

• UncertainWhether יָדִין means "vindicate" or "judge": lean "vindicate" (parallel וְעַל־עֲבָדָיו יִתְנֶחָם); alternative "judge" (start of the judgment on adversaries, 32:37–43).
• Says32:37 אֵי אֱלֹהֵימוֹ צוּר חָסָיוּ בוֹ: where are their gods?
• Says32:39 אֲנִי אֲנִי הוּא וְאֵין אֱלֹהִים עִמָּדִי: there is no God besides the Lord (as 32:12).
• UncertainHow 32:12, 39 relate to the "gods" of 32:8 (if read), 32:17, 37, 43: no lean.
• Says32:39 pairs אֲנִי אָמִית וַאֲחַיֶּה with מָחַצְתִּי וַאֲנִי אֶרְפָּא.
• UncertainWhether 32:39 points to resurrection: lean, its plain sense is God's sovereign power over life and death and his restoring of his people (parallel "I wound and I heal"; restoration in 32:36–43); alternative, taken up by later Jewish and Christian readers, raising the dead (the same "I" kills and then makes alive, וַאֲחַיֶּה).

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Deut 32:40

languageDeut 32:40–43

Deut 32:40–43: the oath, the sword, and the closing call (MT)

• Says32:40 oath: כִּי־אֶשָּׂא אֶל־שָׁמַיִם יָדִי … חַי אָנֹכִי לְעֹלָם.
• Says32:41 אָשִׁיב נָקָם לְצָרָי וְלִמְשַׂנְאַי אֲשַׁלֵּם takes up נָקָם and the root of שִׁלֵּם from 32:35.
• SaysMT 32:43 has four lines and opens הַרְנִינוּ גוֹיִם עַמּוֹ (Hiphil imperative); BSB follows a longer text (variants in their own records).
• SaysMT 32:43 ends וְכִפֶּר אַדְמָתוֹ עַמּוֹ, with no conjunction between land and people.
• UncertainWhether וְכִפֶּר means "atone for" or "cleanse": lean "cleanse" (BSB; object the land after blood avenged); alternative "make atonement for" (the shed blood of 32:43 as something to be expiated; so Onqelos, וִיכַפֵּר).

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Deut 32:43

cross-referenceDeut 32:43; Heb 1:6

Heb 1:6: Deut 32:43, Odes 2:43, or Ps 96:7 (97:7)

• SaysHeb 1:6 quotes Καὶ προσκυνησάτωσαν αὐτῷ πάντες ἄγγελοι θεοῦ.
• SaysSwete's Deut 32:43 has υἱοὶ θεοῦ (F πάντες ἄγγελοι); Odes 2:43 πάντες οἱ ἄγγελοι θεοῦ; Ps 96:7 προσκυνήσατε … πάντες οἱ ἄγγελοι αὐτοῦ; Hebrew Ps 97:7 'worship him, all gods'; Hebrew Deut 32:43 has no such line.
• UncertainSource of Heb 1:6: lean, Deut 32:43 in a Greek form like F's or the Odes (καὶ; third-person imperative); alternative, Ps 96:7 LXX.

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cross-referenceDeut 32:43

Odes 2:43 and Deut 32:43 in Swete

• SaysOdes 2:43 has the same eight lines as Deut 32:43 in Swete, with angels and sons exchanged between lines 2 and 4, ἐκδικεῖται for ἐκδικᾶται, and δίκην added in line 7.
• SaysIn the Odes Swete prints A's text; the Deut apparatus gives A ἐκδικεῖται in line 5 and A + πάντες after the first αὐτῷ (line 1).
• ImpliesThe Odes agrees with A's Deut text at ἐκδικεῖται but not at A's πάντες in line 1; the Odes has 'all the angels of God' in the worship line, as Heb 1:6.

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cross-referenceDeut 32:43; Rom 15:10

Rom 15:10 and Deut 32:43: the form of the quotation

• SaysRom 15:10 quotes Εὐφράνθητε, ἔθνη, μετὰ τοῦ λαοῦ αὐτοῦ.
• SaysIt matches the third line of LXX Deut 32:43 and Odes 2:43 word for word.
• SaysThe Hebrew הַרְנִינוּ גוֹיִם עַמּוֹ has no 'with'.
• ImpliesPaul follows the Greek form, which places the nations beside God's people in praise.

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languageDeut 32:43

Deut 32:43 in the LXX: eight lines for the Hebrew's four

• SaysSwete's LXX of 32:43 has eight lines, beginning εὐφράνθητε, οὐρανοί, ἅμα αὐτῷ, καὶ προσκυνησάτωσαν αὐτῷ υἱοὶ θεοῦ.
• SaysThe Hebrew has four lines; LXX lines 1, 2, 4, and 7 have no Hebrew counterpart, and line 3 has μετά ('with his people') where the Hebrew has no preposition.
• SaysLogged apparatus includes: A + πάντες after the first αὐτῷ; F πάντες ἄγγελοι for υἱοί; A F + αὐτοῦ after ἐχθροῖς; F omits Κύριος.

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