Notes · Gen 2:1–25

The Seventh Day, the Garden, and the Man and Woman

27 approved team notes on Gen 2:1–25.

Gen 2:1

exegeticalGen 2:1–25

Genesis 2 in the New Testament (Hebrews 4:4; 1 Corinthians 15:45; Matthew 19:5; Ephesians 5:31; 1 Corinthians 11:8–9; 1 Timothy 2:13)

SaysHebrews 4:4 quotes the seventh-day rest and agrees in form with Swete 2:2b, except that Hebrews adds ὁ θεὸς ἐν; it quotes the seventh-day clause, not the finishing clause where the Greek has “sixth.” That is form agreement, not a claim about which text was used.
Says1 Corinthians 15:45 takes up “a living being,” with πρῶτος and Ἀδάμ added. Matthew 19:5 agrees in form with Swete 2:24 in “the two will become one flesh”. At Matthew 19:4, SBLGNT has κτίσας; the Robinson–Pierpont text has ποιήσας. Mark 10:7–8 and 1 Corinthians 6:16 have the same words. Ephesians 5:31 quotes the same verse and applies it to Christ and the church (5:32).
Says1 Corinthians 11:8–9 and 1 Timothy 2:13 state the order of forming as those texts argue it. No lean is taken on their application. Romans 5:12 and 6:23 bear on 2:17; see the Romans notes. Luke 3:38 names Adam in a genealogy. Revelation 2:7 and 22:2 return to the tree of life.
UncertainJohn 20:22 uses ἐνεφύσησεν, the Greek verb of 2:7; whether that is a deliberate echo is not settled. How far 2:24 by itself governs later questions is not settled here.

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exegeticalGen 2:1–25

Genesis 2: the seventh day, the garden, and the man and the woman (overview)

SaysGenesis 2:1–3 records that the heavens and the earth were completed; God finishes his work, rests, blesses and sanctifies the seventh day. From 2:4 the Lord God forms the man, plants a garden in Eden, gives every tree but one for food and warns of death, judges the man’s being alone not good, brings the animals to be named, builds the woman from the man and brings her to him; the man’s words and the statement on leaving, clinging and one flesh follow, and the two are naked and not ashamed.
ImpliesThe Creator of Genesis 1 and the Lord God of Genesis 2 are the one God; the compound name and the heading of 2:4 bind the two parts.
UncertainThe sense of “finished” in 2:2, where 2:4a belongs, how 2:4b–25 relates to Genesis 1 (see the Hebrew note on 2:4–6 and the historical note), whether הָאָדָם names one man, humankind or both and how that history is told, the trees, death and “in the day,” עֵזֶר כְּנֶגְדּוֹ and the speaker of 2:24, and Eden’s location and the garden-sanctuary reading are left open; no lean is taken on those questions here. Genesis 2:25 is a pointer to Genesis 3.

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exegeticalGen 2:1–3

The seventh day: God finishes, rests, blesses and sanctifies (Genesis 2:1–3)

SaysThe unit is framed by וַיְכֻלּוּ and וַיְכַל; “the seventh day” occurs three times; God rests, blesses and sanctifies the day; it has no evening-and-morning line, and the noun Sabbath does not occur. The BSB’s “by the seventh day God had finished” and “all the work of creation that He had accomplished” are its English for “and God finished on the seventh day” and “which God created, to make.”
UncertainHow God finished on the seventh day is open: a pluperfect, as in the BSB; the finishing as the ceasing, blessing and sanctifying of that day; or the completion as the seventh day’s own act. No lean is taken here.
SaysThe printed wording at 2:2 is the MT בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי in both clauses; the Greek and the Samaritan have “sixth” in the first clause. See the variant note.
SaysHebrews 4:4 quotes the seventh-day rest, not the finishing clause; Exodus 20:11 and 31:17 ground the Sabbath in the same rest.

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historicalGen 2:1–25

Christian readings of Genesis 2, from Justin to Calvin

SaysGen 2:3 says God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it; 2:17 warns that in the day the man eats of the tree he will surely die; 2:24 says man and wife will become one flesh.
UncertainThe sense of “in the day” in Gen 2:17, the nature of the garden, and how 2:3 bears on later Sabbath law are open; no lean, and readings from Justin to Calvin do not fix 2:3, 2:17 or 2:24.

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historicalGen 2:1–25

Early Jewish readings of Genesis 2: Onqelos, Josephus, Philo and Jubilees

SaysGen 2:7 says the Lord God formed man from the dust of the ground, breathed the breath of life into his nostrils, and the man became a living being; 2:19–22 has the man name the animals, no suitable helper found, and the woman made from his rib.
UncertainEarly Jewish readings (Onqelos, Josephus, Philo, Jubilees) do not settle what “a living being” says of man’s make-up, the timing of Gen 2:8–22, or whether the garden is presented as a sanctuary; no lean.

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languageGen 2:1–3

Gen 2:1–3: finished, ceased, blessed and sanctified

Saysוַיְכֻלּוּ / וַיְכַל (Pual, Piel of one verb; BDB "complete, bring to an end, finish"); "the seventh day" three times; וַיִּשְׁבֹּת / שָׁבַת "cease, desist, rest"; blessed and sanctified; no evening-and-morning line; no noun "Sabbath"; 2:3 "which God created, to make".
UncertainPluperfect "had finished" (BSB), finishing by ceasing and sanctifying (Keil p. 68), or the seventh day's own act; no lean.

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VariantGen 2:1–25

Genesis 2: Greek and Samaritan differences

Says2:2, 2:18 and 2:24 have their own variant records.
Saysὁ θεός alone at 2:5, 7, 9, 19, 21; ἔτι at 2:9, 19; 2:3 ὧν ἤρξατο ὁ θεὸς ποιῆσαι; 2:15 plus ὃν ἔπλασεν and no "Eden"; 2:17 plurals; 2:23 ἐκ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς αὐτῆς, sound-play lost.
SaysThe Samaritan agrees with the MT at the divine name, 2:3, 2:15 and 2:17; with the Greek at 2:19 ("yet") and 2:23 ("from her man").
UncertainWhether the other Greek differences reflect other Hebrew or the translator; at 2:19 and 2:23 the Samaritan shows a Hebrew text with the Greek sense.

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Gen 2:2

cross-referenceGen 2:2; Gen 2:7; Gen 2:24; Heb 4:4; 1 Cor 15:45; Matt 19:4–6; Mark 10:6–9; Eph 5:31; 1 Cor 11:8–9; 1 Tim 2:13

Gen 2:2, 2:7, and 2:24 and their NT echoes: form only

SaysHeb 4:4 agrees in form with Swete 2:2b, adding ὁ θεὸς ἐν, and quotes the seventh-day clause, not the sixth; the SBLGNT apparatus has no unit at Heb 4:4. That is form agreement, not a source claim.
Says1 Cor 15:45 takes up Swete 2:7 εἰς ψυχὴν ζῶσαν, with πρῶτος and Ἀδάμ added; the SBLGNT apparatus has no unit at 1 Cor 15:45.
SaysMatt 19:5 agrees in form with Swete 2:24 in the “the two … one flesh” clause; the apparatus records the Byzantine Textform’s Ἕνεκεν and προσκολληθήσεται. Matt 19:4 has κτίσας against the Byzantine Textform’s ποιήσας. Matthew presents 2:24 as what the one who created them “said”. Eph 5:31 shows the same “to/toward the wife” alternation as Swete 2:24; Westcott and Hort omit the Mark 10:7 clause.
Says1 Tim 2:13 and 1 Cor 11:8–9 state the order of forming as those texts argue it; the SBLGNT apparatus has no unit at those verses. No lean is taken on their application.
UncertainHow far 2:24 by itself governs later questions is not settled; divorce questions are out of scope. John 20:22 ἐνεφύσησεν may be a verbal echo of LXX 2:7; its intent is not settled.

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languageGen 2:2–7

LXX Gen 2:2–7: the sixth day, rest, and a living soul

SaysSwete 2:2 has the finishing on the sixth day and the rest on the seventh, with brackets marking letters lost in Alexandrinus; κατέπαυσεν renders וַיִּשְׁבֹּת; the MT has “on the seventh day” at the finishing as well; 2:3 has ὧν ἤρξατο ὁ θεὸς ποιῆσαι for אֲשֶׁר־בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים לַעֲשׂוֹת.
Says2:4 opens a new paragraph, Αὕτη ἡ βίβλος γενέσεως, rendering אֵלֶּה תוֹלְדוֹת; at 2:5 and 2:7 the Greek has ὁ θεός where the MT has יְהוָה אֱלֹהִים.
Says2:7 has ἔπλασεν τὸν ἄνθρωπον χοῦν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς, ἐνεφύσησεν … πνοὴν ζωῆς, and εἰς ψυχὴν ζῶσαν, rendering וַיִּיצֶר, נִשְׁמַת חַיִּים, and לְנֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה; the Greek has ἄνθρωπος here and first uses Ἀδάμ at 2:16.
ImpliesThe man depends on God for breath, on the grounds that God forms him from dust and breathes πνοὴν ζωῆς into him, and only then he becomes εἰς ψυχὴν ζῶσαν; the alternative is that the verbs describe the act, not a doctrine of dependence.
UncertainWhether τῇ ἕκτῃ is earlier wording or a change to avoid work on the seventh day is not settled. No lean is taken on the sense of “finished”, on the 2:4a boundary, or on where the personal name begins. The day-views are not reopened here.

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Gen 2:4

exegeticalGen 2:4–7

The account of the heavens and the earth, and the man formed (Genesis 2:4–7)

SaysGenesis 2:4 opens אֵלֶּה תוֹלְדוֹת, “these are the generations of the heavens and the earth”; the BSB’s “This is the account” is one English choice. From 2:4b God is named יְהוָה אֱלֹהִים, not “God” alone as in 1:1–2:3. The narrative tells of the man’s formation (2:7) before the animals (2:19) and the woman (2:21–22). In 2:5 the “not yet” clauses concern plants of the field; the BSB’s pluperfects there are its English tenses.
UncertainWhere 2:4a belongs is treated in the Hebrew note. No lean is taken here.
UncertainHow 2:4b–25 relates to Genesis 1 is treated in the Hebrew note on 2:4–6 and in the historical note. No lean is taken here. The note on the creation days already cites 2:5 among the grounds of one view; the five views are not reopened here.

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historicalGen 2:4–25

The making of man and the place of Eden: ancient background and early geography (2:7–23)

SaysGen 2:7 says the Lord God formed man from the dust of the ground and breathed the breath of life into his nostrils; 2:8 says he planted גַּן־בְעֵדֶן in the east; 2:10–14 has a river from Eden branch into four headwaters, the third and fourth named Tigris and Euphrates; 2:23 calls the woman “bone of my bones”.
UncertainEden’s location, whether the garden is presented as a sanctuary, and how far Mesopotamian parallels such as Enuma Elish VI and the clay-formation scenes of Gilgamesh I and Atrakhasis IV bear on Genesis 2 are open; by comparison, the clay scenes set a goddess, or Ea with one, among many gods, while in 2:7 the Lord God forms the man; no dependence is claimed in either direction, no lean, and the background does not fix Gen 2:7–14 or 2:23.

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historicalGen 2:4–25

Reading Genesis 2:4–25 alongside Genesis 1: from Josephus and Philo to Keil, Driver and Skinner

SaysGen 2:4 begins אֵלֶּה תוֹלְדוֹת (BSB “This is the account”) of the heavens and the earth; from 2:4b God is named יְהוָה אֱלֹהִים, not Elohim alone as in 1:1–2:3; the narrative tells of man’s formation (2:7) before the animals are brought to him (2:19) and the woman is made (2:21–22).
UncertainWhether Gen 2:4a closes Gen 1 or heads Gen 2, and how 2:4b–25 relates to Genesis 1 (a fuller account of the sixth day, as in Josephus and Keil; a distinct subject, as in Philo’s reading; or a second, Jahwistic source, as Driver and Skinner hold), are open; no lean, and Josephus, Philo, Keil, Driver and Skinner do not fix 2:4–25.

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languageGen 2:4–6

Gen 2:4–6: before the garden

Saysיְהוָה אֱלֹהִים from 2:4 (eleven times in Gen 2; not in 1:1–2:3); two "not yet" clauses with טֶרֶם + imperfect; reasons: no rain (perfect), no man to work the ground; 2:6 וְאֵד יַעֲלֶה (BDB "mist"; BSB "springs").
UncertainComplementary telling of day six, topical arrangement, or recapitulation; no lean.

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languageGen 2:4

Gen 2:4: "These are the generations of the heavens and the earth"

Saysאֵלֶּה תוֹלְדוֹת הַשָּׁמַיִם וְהָאָרֶץ בְּהִבָּרְאָם; BDB "generations … account of a man and his descendants"; the formula heads later sections (5:1; 6:9; 10:1; 11:10, 27; 25:12, 19; 36:1; 37:2); chiasm; Niphal infinitive; בְּיוֹם עֲשׂוֹת spans the whole making.
UncertainHeading of 2:4–4:26 (Keil p. 70), subscription to Gen 1, or hinge; no lean.

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Gen 2:5

exegeticalGen 2:5–25

Adam and “the man”: history and genre (Genesis 2:5–25)

SaysFrom 2:7 to 2:25 the noun has the article, הָאָדָם, fourteen times; it lacks it at 2:5 and at 2:20, which the BSB renders “But for Adam,” with the footnote “Or the man.” The man is formed from הָאֲדָמָה, a sound-play. The name is plain at Genesis 5:1 and 5:5. The Greek has ἄνθρωπος at 2:7–8, 15 and 18, and Ἀδάμ from 2:16.
UncertainWhether הָאָדָם is one man, humankind represented in him, or both, and where the personal name begins, is open. The article favors “the man”; the generic sense of the noun allows a representative reading. No lean is taken here.
ImpliesA real Adam and a real first sin: Genesis 2–3 and 5:1–5 tell of one man, and the Romans notes read them so. See the notes on Romans 5.
UncertainHow the narrative tells it is open: historical narrative of a real first man and woman, or history told with literary and figurative features; both hold the core above, and no lean is taken between them. A purely archetypal or non-historical reading is presented fairly and lies outside that core, since it does not fit the Romans reading. Human origins in science are not argued here.

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languageGen 2:5–25

Gen 2: ha'adam, "the man," and Adam

Saysהָאָדָם with the article fourteen times in 2:7–25; without it at 2:5 and 2:20 (BSB "But for Adam"); BDB "man, mankind", "Adam, first man (without art.)"; adam/adamah sound-play; the name plain at 5:1, 5; LXX ἄνθρωπος at 2:7–8, 15, 18; Ἀδάμ from 2:16.
UncertainOne man, humankind, or both; where the name begins; no lean.
ImpliesA real Adam and a real first sin, as the Romans 5 note reads Gen 2–3 and 5.
UncertainHistorical narrative or history with literary features (no lean between them, both within the core); the purely archetypal reading named by its grounds and stated as outside the core.

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Gen 2:7

languageGen 2:7

Gen 2:7: formed from dust, breath of life, a living being

Saysוַיִּיצֶר (BDB "form, fashion"; the potter, Isa 64:8, Jer 18:6); עָפָר מִן־הָאֲדָמָה; נִשְׁמַת חַיִּים (BDB "breath"); לְנֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה as of animals in 2:19 (BDB "soul, living being …"); breath into nostrils said of the man only; LXX πνοὴν ζωῆς, εἰς ψυχὴν ζῶσαν.
ImpliesLean: the man is earthly and depends on God for breath (Job 33:4; Ps 104:29; Eccl 12:7); main alternative: an account of origin only.
UncertainWhether the breath of life marks a capacity unique to humans; no lean.

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Gen 2:8

exegeticalGen 2:8–17

The garden, the trees, and the command (Genesis 2:8–17)

SaysThe Lord God plants a garden in Eden and places the man there; a river parts into four heads; in the middle stand the tree of life and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. The command is given to the man before the woman is built; he may eat of every tree but one, and “in the day that you eat of it, you will surely die.” He is placed in the garden “to cultivate and keep it.”
ImpliesThe death threatened in 2:17 is carried out in 3:19 and 5:5, as the Romans notes read it. See the notes on Romans 5.
UncertainWhere Eden lay, and whether the garden is pictured as a sanctuary, are open; see the Hebrew notes. Early views of the location, and comparisons with Mesopotamian clay-formation scenes, are gathered in the historical note. No dependence either way is claimed. No lean is taken here.
UncertainWhat “knowledge of good and evil” means, what the work of 2:15 is, and how “in the day” works, are treated in the Hebrew notes, with no lean. A thousand-year reading of the “day” is noted as early in the historical note, not as a live option. Whether bodily death would have come without the trespass is not settled in Genesis 2 alone.

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languageGen 2:8–14

Gen 2:8–14: a garden in Eden and four rivers

Saysגַּן־בְעֵדֶן מִקֶּדֶם (BDB "enclosure, garden"); a river parts into four heads: Pishon/Havilah (gold, bdellium, onyx), Gihon/Cush, Hiddekel (BSB Tigris)/Assyria, Perath (Euphrates); LXX παράδεισον, Αἰθιοπίας.
UncertainLocation: head of the Gulf, Armenian highlands, theological geography, or changed by the flood; no lean.
UncertainSanctuary-garden reading (Ezek 28:13; Exod 25:7; Num 3:7–8; 3:24) and its objection; no lean.

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languageGen 2:8–25

LXX Gen 2:8–25: παράδεισος, βοηθός, and “the two”

Says2:8 has παράδεισον ἐν Ἔδεμ, and παράδεισος renders גַּן; 2:9 has the plus ἔτι and ὁ θεός where the MT has יְהוָה אֱלֹהִים, and names the two trees; 2:15 has the plus ὃν ἔπλασεν and no equivalent of עֵדֶן.
Says2:16 λέγων corresponds to MT לֵאמֹר and is not a plus; Ἀδάμ first appears there; 2:17 is plural against a singular MT; 2:18 has ποιήσωμεν against אֶעֱשֶׂהּ, and βοηθός renders עֵזֶר;
Says2:21 has ἔκστασιν and πλευρά (“side”); 2:23 has ἐκ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς αὐτῆς and does not keep the אִשָּׁה / אִישׁ play; 2:24 has προσκολληθήσεται and the plus οἱ δύο, with an inner-Greek variation at “to/toward the wife”; Swete prints ENG 2:25 as 3:1 (ENG 2:25), a pointer to Genesis 3.
UncertainWhether ποιήσωμεν and οἱ δύο reflect a different Hebrew or a Greek expansion is not settled; no reconstructed Hebrew is offered. No lean is taken on the trees, death, βοηθός and roles, the speaker of 2:24, or Eden’s location and the garden-sanctuary reading.

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Gen 2:9

languageGen 2:9

Gen 2:9: the tree of life and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil

Saysוְעֵץ הַחַיִּים בְּתוֹךְ הַגָּן and וְעֵץ הַדַּעַת טוֹב וָרָע in the middle of the garden (BDB "knowledge"); the command precedes the woman; Prov 3:18; Rev 2:7; 22:2; LXX wording.
UncertainMoral autonomy, experiential knowledge of evil, comprehensive knowledge (merism), or discernment to be received from God; each with an objection; no lean.

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Gen 2:15

languageGen 2:15

Gen 2:15: "to work it and to keep it"

Saysלְעָבְדָהּ וּלְשָׁמְרָהּ: two infinitives with feminine suffixes (BDB "work, serve", "keep, watch, preserve"); "garden" either gender (OSHB; BDB "n.m. & f."); the pair in Num 3:7–8; 8:26; LXX ἐργάζεσθαι αὐτὸν καὶ φυλάσσειν.
UncertainTending and guarding, also priestly service, or "worship and obey"; objections; no lean.

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Gen 2:16

languageGen 2:16–17

Gen 2:16–17: "in the day that you eat of it, you will surely die"

Saysאָכֹל תֹּאכֵל and מוֹת תָּמוּת: infinitive absolute + yiqtol; 2ms; LXX plurals; 1 Kgs 2:37 the same words.
ImpliesThe death threatened is carried out in 3:19 and 5:5 (with the Romans 5 note).
Uncertain"When" (liability), death begun as alienation (WCF 6.2), or mitigation; no lean; the thousand-year day noted as an early reading only.
UncertainWhether bodily death would have come without the trespass is not settled in Gen 2 alone.

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Gen 2:18

exegeticalGen 2:18–25

The helper, the woman, and one flesh (Genesis 2:18–25)

SaysGod says it is not good for the man to be alone and will make a suitable helper. The printed wording is the MT אֶעֱשֶׂהּ, “I will make”; the Greek has ποιήσωμεν, “let us make.” עֵזֶר is most often used of God as help and does not by itself mark a subordinate. God builds a woman from אַחַת מִצַּלְעֹתָיו (BSB “one of the man’s ribs”). In 2:24 a man leaves, clings, and “they will become one flesh.” The MT has no “the two.” The two are naked and not ashamed.
UncertainWhat עֵזֶר כְּנֶגְדּוֹ stresses — correspondence and equality, or a distinct helping role within that likeness — and whether Genesis 2 itself sets an order of roles, or a partnership whose ordered roles appear at 3:16, are open. Each view’s grounds are the main objection to the other. No lean is taken, and no application is made.
UncertainWho speaks 2:24, the narrator or the man continuing, is open. No lean is taken here.
SaysIn Matthew 19:4–5 Jesus says that the Creator said these words, joining Genesis 1:27 and 2:24. Matthew presents 2:24 as God’s word whichever human voice speaks in Genesis 2. How far 2:24 governs later questions is not settled here; the divorce question in Matthew 19 is out of scope. Genesis 2:25 points on to Genesis 3.

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languageGen 2:18–20

Gen 2:18–20: 'ezer kenegdo, "a helper corresponding to him"

Saysאֶעֱשֶׂהּ Qal imperfect 1cs (LXX ποιήσωμεν); עֵזֶר BDB "help, succour", "one who helps", 22 occurrences, mostly of God; כְּנֶגְדּוֹ only here and 2:20 (BDB "what is conspicuous or in front"); LXX βοηθὸν κατ’ αὐτόν, βοηθὸς ὅμοιος αὐτῷ.
UncertainCorrespondence and equality, or a distinct helping role within likeness; no lean.
UncertainWhether Gen 2 alone sets an order of roles or ordered roles first appear at 3:16; no lean; no application.

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Gen 2:21

languageGen 2:21–24

Gen 2:21–24: the side, the woman, one flesh

Saysתַּרְדֵּמָה (BDB "deep sleep"); the noun "rib, side" (tabernacle, temple); וַיִּבֶן "build"; kinship formula (Gen 29:14; 2 Sam 5:1); woman/man a sound-play under different roots; וְדָבַק "cling, cleave, keep close"; MT has no "the two".
UncertainThe narrator or the man speaks 2:24; no lean.
SaysMatt 19:4–5 has Jesus say the Creator said 2:24, joined with 1:27 (also Mark 10:6–8); Eph 5:31–32 applies it to Christ and the church.

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Gen 2:25

languageGen 2:25

Gen 2:25: naked and not ashamed

Saysוַיִּהְיוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם עֲרוּמִּים (BDB "naked"); יִתְבֹּשָׁשׁוּ reflexive stem (OSHB Hithpolel; BDB "ashamed before one another"); Swete numbers the verse 3:1.
Saysעָרוּם "crafty" (3:1) sounds like עֲרוּמִּים; pointer to Genesis 3 only.

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