ἀκοή … ῥήματος Χριστοῦ … παραζηλώσω (10:14–21)

Says πῶς οὖν ἐπικαλέσωνται … ἐὰν μὴ ἀποσταλῶσιν; (10:14–15): calling needs believing, believing hearing, hearing a proclaimer, proclaiming a sending. Abbott-Smith gives κηρύσσω, in the NT chiefly of the gospel, as "to proclaim, preach." RP and TR have futures here and add "peace" in 10:15 (see τῶν εὐαγγελιζομένων τὰ ἀγαθά / τῶν εὐαγγελιζομένων εἰρήνην, τῶν εὐαγγελιζομένων τὰ ἀγαθά).

Says ἀλλʼ οὐ πάντες ὑπήκουσαν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ (10:16): not all obeyed the gospel. Abbott-Smith lists 10:16–17 under ἀκοή (akoē), "a thing heard, i.e., a message, teaching."

Says ἄρα ἡ πίστις ἐξ ἀκοῆς, ἡ δὲ ἀκοὴ διὰ ῥήματος Χριστοῦ (10:17): faith comes from the message heard, and the message through the word of Christ. RP and TR read θεοῦ (see ῥήματος Χριστοῦ / ῥήματος θεοῦ).

Uncertain ῥήματος Χριστοῦ may be the word about Christ (objective) or the word Christ speaks (subjective). This note leans objective, since 10:14–16 concerns preaching; the alternative is Christ speaking through messengers. On election, see How election works in Romans 9:6–24: Reformed, Arminian and Wesleyan, and corporate or national views.

Says They did hear (10:18), and Israel was warned (10:19–21). The jealousy of 10:19 points to 11:11–14 and Romans 11 (see Deut 32:21 in the LXX: παραζηλώσω … ἐπ’ οὐκ ἔθνει).

Uncertain The psalm line in 10:18 may be analogy, typology, or the mission's reach; the Old Testament texts are in the Hebrew notes.

Uncertain μὴ Ἰσραὴλ οὐκ ἔγνω (10:19) expects "they did know." This note leans that Israel knew the warning and still did not submit (10:3, 21); the main alternative is that they failed to grasp the gospel itself (see μὴ Ἰσραὴλ οὐκ ἔγνω / μὴ οὐκ ἔγνω Ἰσραήλ).

Says God was found by those not seeking him and held out his hands to a disobedient, obstinate people (10:20–21; see εὑρέθην τοῖς / εὑρέθην ἐν τοῖς).