ἁμαρτία δὲ οὐκ ἐλλογεῖται … ὅς ἐστιν τύπος τοῦ μέλλοντος (5:13–14)

Says Sin was in the world before the law, but οὐκ ἐλλογεῖται (ellogeitai), "is not charged," where there is no law. The verb occurs elsewhere only in Phlm 18, "charge it to my account" (BSB); Abbott-Smith: "to charge to one's account, impute," "of sin, Ro 5:13." Yet death ἐβασίλευσεν (ebasileusen, "reigned") from Adam to Moses, even over those who did not sin like Adam's παράβασις (parabasis), the breach of a stated command (4:15; var.Rom.5.14.me).

Uncertain How "not charged" fits with death reigning. This note leans to a relative sense: without the law, sin is not booked as transgression of a command (4:15), yet death still came. Grounds: 4:15 and the contrast with Adam's transgression in 5:14. The alternative is that sin was not charged at all, so death had another cause.

Uncertain That cause. This note leans to federal headship with immediate imputation: those who died without breaking a stated command died because Adam's trespass was counted to them (5:12, 15, 17; WCF 6.3, by reference). Realism answers that they sinned in Adam as present in him; mediate imputation, that death followed the corruption they inherited and their own sins against conscience (2:12–15).

Says Adam ἐστιν τύπος τοῦ μέλλοντος (typos tou mellontos), "a pattern of the One to come" (BSB); Abbott-Smith puts this use under "in doctrinal sense, type." The correspondence runs one man to one man, with the differences of 5:15–17.