Manuscript lens · variant unit

Rom 2:2 — οἴδαμεν δέ / οἴδαμεν γάρ

Rom 2:2 · reading in

Byzantine · RP2018 text for Rom 2:2 is not in the library yet.

BSB: “And we know that God’s judgment against those who do such things is based on truth.”

Byzantine · RP2018: Maurice A. Robinson and William G. Pierpont, The New Testament in the Original Greek: Byzantine Textform 2018. Public domain (Unlicense). · BSB (public domain)

Printed reading

οἴδαμεν δὲ ὅτι

oidamen de hoti

and we know that

A · B · D · E · G · K · L · P · it^g · syr^p · Origen (Lat.) · Tertullian (Marcion's text) · Ambrosiaster · Theodoret · John of Damascus

SBLGNTNA28 🔒︎WHTregByzTR

Alternative 1

οἴδαμεν γὰρ ὅτι

oidamen gar hoti

for we know that

ℵ · C · 33 (Tisch. 17) · 436 (Tisch. 80) · it^d · it^e · vg · cop · arm · Chrysostom

Witnesses by century

Witness-dates timeline: pending sourcing. The dates are not yet backed by a sourced witness registry, so the timeline is hidden; the witnesses for each reading are listed above.

Decision

✓ Approved

Printed: οἴδαμεν δὲ ὅτι
Confidence: medium (team scale)
Significance: minor
Byz / TR: οἴδαμεν δὲ ὅτι — open RP2018

Print δέ, with medium confidence, against Tischendorf's eighth edition, which prints γάρ. A B D G K L P support δέ across text types, against ℵ C and the Latin Vulgate, and γάρ is explainable as an easing. The sense is close: either way God's judgment is 'according to truth.'

Evidence

8 sources

Editions (checked 2026-10-29): SBLGNT, RP2018, TR (local files); WH read on the page (Westcott & Hort, pp. 353–354, 1892 printing; scan leaves n358–n359; checked 2026-10-29); Treg/NA28 from the SBLGNT apparatus; NA28 by reference only. Sigla: as in STYLE_GUIDE §2.3. Minuscules are Gregory–Aland numbers, with Tischendorf's Pauline number once in parentheses ("Tisch."); * = first hand, superscript ᶜ (stored as c, e.g. Dc) = a later corrector; full key in src.tischendorf-8. Minuscules whose Gregory–Aland number is not verified are summarized, not listed. Tischendorf names mainly dissenting witnesses, so some majuscules on the other side are inferred from his silence.

SBLGNT, WH, Treg, RP2018 and TR read δέ; the SBLGNT apparatus has no entry here. WH print γάρ in the margin (p. 353).

Manuscripts (Tischendorf 8, vol. 2 (1872), p. 370): γάρ: ℵ C, 33, 436 (Tisch. 80) and six further minuscules, the Latin d e and vg, cop, arm, Chrysostom. δέ: A B D E G K L P and by far the most others, the Latin g, syr^p, Origen (Lat.), Tertullian's Marcion text, Ambrosiaster, Theodoret, John of Damascus. Tischendorf's own text (ed. 8) reads γάρ; the TR, Lachmann and his 7th edition read δέ. Cyprian passes over the verse.

Internal: γάρ makes 2:2 the ground of 2:1 ("for we know"); δέ adds a shared premise ("and we know") that the argument then applies in 2:3. A scribe could easily read the verse as a ground and write γάρ.

SBLGNT CC BY 4.0 RP2018 Unlicense TR (Scrivener 1894) public domain TAGNT CC BY 4.0 Tischendorf⁸ public domain 🔒︎ NA28 Copyrighted WH public domain Bible Scholarship & Tool CC BY 4.0

Rom 2:2 — οἴδαμεν δέ / οἴδαμεν γάρ

Rom 2:2 · reading in

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