ἀπώσατο … λεῖμμα … ἐπωρώθησαν (11:1–10)

Says μὴ ἀπώσατο ὁ θεὸς τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ; μὴ γένοιτο (11:1), restated in 11:2: “God did not reject His people, whom He foreknew” (BSB). Middle ἀπωθέομαι (apōtheomai): “to thrust away from oneself, refuse, reject.” Paul's descent and the Elijah appeal (11:1–4) illustrate the denial. Citation form: note.language.Rom.11.1-Rom.11.4.ps-94-14-1-kgs-19.

Says “there is a remnant chosen by grace” (11:5, BSB). λεῖμμα (leimma): “a remnant.” See note.language.Rom.9.27-Rom.9.29.isa-10-22-23-1-9.

Says “if it is by grace, then it is no longer by works” (11:6, BSB). The longer RP wording is var.Rom.11.6.ei-de-ex-ergon. See note.exegetical.Rom.4.3-Rom.4.8.crediting-righteousness.

Says Israel “failed to obtain” what it sought; “The others were hardened” (11:7, BSB), and “God gave them a spirit of stupor” (11:8, BSB). πωρόω (pōroō): “to petrify, harden, form a callus.” κατάνυξις (katanyxis): “torpor of mind, stupefaction.” σκάνδαλον (skandalon, 11:9): “a snare, stumbling-block.” Form: note.language.Rom.11.8-Rom.11.10.deut-29-4-isa-29-10-ps-69.

Uncertain How hardening relates to unbelief (judicial response, decree, or both), and whether it is final for those hardened, is open. No lean is taken. See note.exegetical.Rom.9.6-Rom.9.24.how-election-works.