ἔπταισαν … πλήρωμα … πρόσλημψις (11:11–16)

Says “did they stumble so as to fall beyond recovery? Certainly not!” (11:11, BSB). πταίω (ptaiō): “to stumble.”

Says Their trespass brought salvation to the Gentiles “to make Israel jealous” (11:11, BSB). Paul hopes to “save some of them” (11:14, BSB). See note.language.Rom.10.14-Rom.10.21.akoe-rhema-christou-parazelo and note.language.Deut.32.21.lxx-parazeloso. δέ/γάρ in 11:13: var.Rom.11.13.de-gar.

Uncertain πλήρωμα (plērōma, 11:12) is “complement, plenitude, fullness.” Number, or completion? This note leans to completion: 11:12 sets their fullness over against their ἥττημα (hēttēma), “defect, loss, defeat,” a loss made good rather than a count. Number alone is the alternative. Both readings appeal to 11:25, where the same noun recurs and the BSB has “the full number of the Gentiles.” This lean concerns the word in 11:12 only and does not decide “all Israel” (11:26): see note.exegetical.Rom.11.25-Rom.11.27.all-israel.

Uncertain “life from the dead” (11:15, BSB): end-time resurrection, or figurative renewal. This note leans to resurrection. The exact phrase ζωὴ ἐκ νεκρῶν occurs only here; the lean rests on Paul's use of ἐκ νεκρῶν elsewhere in Romans, usually of resurrection (4:24; 6:4, 9; 8:11; 10:9). Figurative renewal of Israel is the alternative; 6:13 (ὡσεὶ ἐκ νεκρῶν ζῶντας) uses the words of new life now.

Says ἀποβολή (apobolē): “a throwing away, rejection,” opposite πρόσλημψις (proslēmpsis), “a receiving” (11:15). If the firstfruit is holy, so is the batch; if the root is holy, so are the branches (11:16). Who the root is: note.language.Rom.11.17-Rom.11.24.rhiza-enkentrizo-apotomia. Dough: xref.Rom.11.16.Num.15.20-Num.15.21.heb.