τίς ἐγκαλέσει … τίς ὁ κατακρινῶν … οὔτε ἀρχαὶ … οὔτε δυνάμεις (8:31–39)

Uncertain ὅς γε τοῦ ἰδίου υἱοῦ οὐκ ἐφείσατο (hos ge tou idiou huiou ouk epheisato, 8:32). This note leans to an echo of Gen 22:12, 16 LXX, οὐκ ἐφείσω τοῦ υἱοῦ σου τοῦ ἀγαπητοῦ: the same verb with "son," and a father giving up his son. The alternative is ordinary wording with no allusion (compare 11:21). See note.language.Rom.8.32.gen-22-12-16.

Uncertain The punctuation of 8:33–34; the early manuscripts have none. This note leans to questions answered by statements, as SBLGNT and Tischendorf 8 print: "Who will bring any charge against God’s elect? It is God who justifies" (8:33, BSB); "Who is there to condemn us?" Christ died, was raised, and intercedes (8:34). The answers name the judge and the advocate. The alternative reads questions throughout, "God, who justifies?" "Christ, who died?", each expecting "No": so Griesbach and Lachmann, and Augustine, who prefers it (Tischendorf 8, p. 406). Either way no charge stands (lex.G1458).

Says 8:36 quotes Ps 44:22 (43:23 LXX; note.language.Rom.8.36.ps-44-22). ὑπερνικῶμεν (hypernikōmen), "we are more than conquerors" (8:37, BSB; lex.G5245), and nothing listed "will be able to separate us from the love of God that is in Christ Jesus" (8:39, BSB).

Implies ἀρχαί (archai) and δυνάμεις (dynameis) (8:38) are spiritual powers: they stand beside ἄγγελοι (angeloi, "angels"), and Paul names such powers so elsewhere (Eph 6:12; Col 2:15) (lex.G746; lex.G1411). On their order see var.Rom.8.38.dynameis-order.

Uncertain Whether a true believer can finally fall away is not settled here alone; no team lean (note.exegetical.Rom.8.28-Rom.8.39.can-believers-fall-away; Heb 6, 10, and John 10 later).