Manuscript lens · variant unit

Rom 1:24 — Διό / Διὸ καί

Rom 1:24 · reading in

Διὸ καὶ παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς ὁ θεὸς ἐν ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις τῶν καρδιῶν αὐτῶν εἰς ἀκαθαρσίαν τοῦ ἀτιμάζεσθαι τὰ σώματα αὐτῶν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς

BSB: “Therefore God gave them over in the desires of their hearts to impurity for the dishonoring of their bodies with one another.”

TR · Scrivener 1894: F. H. A. Scrivener, The New Testament in the Original Greek according to the Text followed in the Authorised Version (1894); public domain. Accents: "STEP Bible" (https://www.STEPBible.org). Data created by www.STEPBible.org based on work at Tyndale House Cambridge, CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Accents rebuilt by AISBT from STEP Bible TAGNT (data). · BSB (public domain)

Printed reading

Διὸ παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς ὁ θεός

dio paredōken autous ho theos

therefore God gave them over

ℵ · A · B · C · vg · syrsch · cop · arm · Origen · Didymus · Ambrosiaster

SBLGNTNA28 🔒︎WHTreg

Alternative 1

Διὸ καὶ παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς ὁ θεός

dio kai paredōken autous ho theos

therefore God also gave them over

D · E · G · K · L · P · 𝔐 · it^d · it^e · it^g · syr^p · Naassenes (apud Hippolytus) · Athanasius · Chrysostom · Theodoret

ByzTR

Witnesses by century

Witness-dates timeline: pending sourcing. The dates are not yet backed by a sourced witness registry, so the timeline is hidden; the witnesses for each reading are listed above.

Decision

✓ Approved

Printed: Διὸ παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς ὁ θεός
Confidence: medium (team scale)
Significance: minor
Byz / TR: Διὸ καὶ παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς ὁ θεός — open RP2018

Print Διό with medium confidence. The Alexandrian witnesses are strong, but the Western support for καί (D, the Old Latin, the Naassenes cited by Hippolytus) is early, and the Byzantine tradition agrees with it. The sense is barely affected.

Evidence

7 sources

Editions (checked 2026-10-28): SBLGNT, RP2018, TR (local files); WH/Treg/NA28 from the SBLGNT apparatus; NA28 by reference only. Sigla: as in STYLE_GUIDE §2.3. Minuscules are Gregory–Aland numbers, with Tischendorf's Pauline number once in parentheses ("Tisch."); * = first hand, superscript ᶜ (stored as c, e.g. Dc) = a later corrector; full key in src.tischendorf-8. Tischendorf names mainly dissenting witnesses, so some majuscules on the other side are inferred from his silence.

SBLGNT has Διό; RP2018 and TR have Διὸ καί.

Manuscripts (Tischendorf 8, vol. 2 (1872), p. 367): Διό: ℵ A B C and several minuscules, vg, syrsch, cop, arm, Origen, Didymus, Ambrosiaster. Διὸ καί: D E G K L P and most others, the Old Latin d e g, syr^p, the Naassenes cited by Hippolytus, Athanasius, Chrysostom, Theodoret.

Internal: καί could have been added to stress that the handing over matches the sin of 1:23. The Western and Byzantine witnesses agree in having it.

SBLGNT CC BY 4.0 RP2018 Unlicense TR (Scrivener 1894) public domain TAGNT CC BY 4.0 Tischendorf⁸ public domain 🔒︎ NA28 Copyrighted Bible Scholarship & Tool CC BY 4.0

Rom 1:24 — Διό / Διὸ καί

Rom 1:24 · reading in

Witnesses by century

Romans

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